August 7, 2017 - Software
By John McGrath and Philip Martin
Although there have been huge advances in project management in the last 20 years, the issue of Project Failure is still the elephant in the room. Success rates are not improving and the metrics surrounding project failure have been disturbing for decades — at least 50 percent of projects do not deliver on their promised results. These failures can have huge cost implications often ranging from hundreds of thousands of dollars into the millions, depending on the scale of the project. In addition, lack of program management can cost companies millions of dollars in cost deviation. This is important because, over time, the value of your corporate brand and enterprise success rate are related.
The causes of project failure are well known, predictable and have not changed over several decades. Projects and organizations however, continue to be impacted and do not seem to be able to create the environment in which projects can succeed. It would seem that organizations have a fundamental inability to learn the lessons of project failure.
There are many causes of project failure and every failed project will have its own set of issues. Sometimes it is a single trigger event that leads to failure, but more often than not, it is a complex entwined set of problems combined.
This inability to learn from project failure is across all industries and sectors and includes many of the most successful organizations on the planet. The financials are staggering and a complete industry has emerged to address the reasons for failure, which are as predictable as the next dawn.
We also often realize, with the benefit of hindsight, that most failed projects were exhibiting early warning signs and there was sufficient opportunity to respond but the signs were not acted upon in a timely fashion.
The definition of success or failure is not as straightforward as was once imagined. We are now very aware that project success cannot be adequately defined within standard parameters: completion within time, cost and performance expectations.
Cost and schedule performance are still important but the perception of project success now also includes:
1.Meeting the functional or technical specification
2.Meeting the business case
3.Engaging with stakeholders
Failure is not comfortable to embrace but it can often be a catalyst for success, especially if it comes early in product development and is accepted by all involved as a way forward.
Research shows that about 50 percent of projects fail because of the lack of visibility over the entire spectrum of the project management process. Take, for example, software development or the creation of a new medical device. Management of the project may involve numerous teams, each dedicated to a certain aspect of the process. However, they are operating in silos, each with its own operational style and strategy for success. If these teams don’t communicate effectively, the result is often failure to deliver a successful product, often due to cost overruns or relevance to the target market.
Why projects fail
When projects fail, hindsight often reveals that issues were bubbling up – but ignored. These issues may include a lack of hands-on project sponsorship, team leadership, lack of resources, inability to manage change, and lack of communication. Lack of communication is the basic culprit because without communication among project teams and leaders, there’s no clear visibility into the development process and thus what we call no “single version of the truth.”
However, when failure occurs early in the project lifecycle, it is because of clear communication among project teams, leading to that single version of the truth. Early failure triggers positive change management and the revamping of strategies, providing a window to a successful result before needless expenditure and wasting of precious resources.
Effective execution needs effective planning, which includes not only tools but most importantly, human interaction. This mixture of people skills and planning tools, which is the art and science of project management, gives total visibility to the entire process.
Developing hybrid methodologies and organizational procedures
Oftentimes organizations think they can simply choose an off-the-shelf methodology such as Lean, Six Sigma or Agile, and apply to the organization. While these are all good standard practice methodologies, by recognizing the relevance of each and applying them to internal procedures and the organizational toolbox, these ‘good’ methodologies become best practices and thus a hybrid approach.
There is no magic wand for good practice project management. It takes consistent effort, applying lessons learned from other organizations or international best practices. It takes the entire team, from the C-Suite right down to the project level, to drive success. Everyone must be involved.
Project governance needs senior management support. They must understand the basic tenets of project management and the specific role that they play in the strategy. This group becomes particularly important when change management is necessary. Change rarely occurs horizontally but must come from the executive board, which often gives the go-ahead to drive that change to all project teams. It is important, therefore, for the executive team to get onboard with the project management scenario at the earliest stages and meet regularly with the teams. This provides the harmony and synergies necessary to manage risks, institute necessary strategic changes and eliminate unshared silos of information.
Creating a structure for success
Leading the effort should be an enterprise project and portfolio management approach, which provides structure (including gate reviews and milestones), standards, reporting procedures, training and team management. A Project Management Office (PMO) can be the backbone of a successful project management approach by assuring that project delivery is managed in a controlled way. Its focus is:
•Governance – guidance that decisions are made properly by the right people with the best information in addition to audits or reviews that assure accountability
•Transparency – accurate information to support the “single version of the truth”
•Quality Assurance – eliminating bureaucracy, providing training and mentoring, therefore, making it easier for teams to do their jobs
•Eliminating redundancy – creating a knowledge base for templates, best practices and lessons learned
•Reporting – management of documentation, project history and risk analysis
While structures may differ depending on the organization, there does need to be a central point of management that fits easily into the organization’s culture, takes into account the resources available and is the guardian of enterprise portfolio management tools. There may be one or more experts in the PMO who supports project managers and their teams with project management software.
This office may also manage a portfolio level dashboard that provides a type of helicopter review of the project as it moves forward. This dashboard plays an essential role in transparency, providing a comprehensive look at the myriad of details that are involved in project success and how each of those areas are moving forward, or not, in seeking achievement of the end strategies.
Setting up a PMO can be a large undertaking and a considerable upfront investment that must eventually prove its worth, meaning a thoughtful approach is the best one. Depending on the time available, it may be helpful to begin the process slowly by offering key services and building up as necessary to support projects in the pipeline. This is not unlike the approach taken in developing projects by phasing in activities in order to gain buy-in from stakeholders and identify problems early before they become unmanageable, i.e. embracing failure as a way to move forward with a more successful strategy.
As previously mentioned, gaining support from the executive level is key, but only one part of the equation. Seeking support from stakeholders is also critical. Clear communication as to the benefits of the office and its tools is a must and can be delivered in team meetings or one-on-one interactions with important influencers. If there are stakeholders who don’t seem to agree with the way forward, a special effort needs to be made to create a positive attitude for the benefit of the entire team.
Clear processes are essential but recognition that these processes may change over time in response to new information or direction reveals the need for a focus on change management. Rather than a flurry of changes that users need to absorb on an ad hoc basis, setting up a recurring plan for review of processes and amendments eases transitions and makes for a smoother implementation.
Finally, stakeholders need to be aware of the long-term benefits of the office but it’s also helpful to show immediate benefits of the PMO to the organization. Depending on the complexities of the projects, it may take some time to assess the full value of the office but there are a few ways to show progress. For example, introducing templates to standardize processes makes it easier for users to report their activities and gain visibility. Gaining buy-in from project managers on software solutions can also help elevate a positive view of the PMO.
Early failure builds a pathway to success. However, early failure can only occur if a strong transparent PMO is in place that focuses on leveraging organization tools, dynamics and culture and that recognizes the importance of human interaction. Communication, transparency and clear direction are key to a successful implementation that’s built on knowledge transfer and pipeline visibility.
John McGrath is PMO consultant and project management lecturer at Dublin Institute of Technology. Philip Martin is founder and CEO of Cora Systems.
