Pressure on corporate executives to maximize profits in a relatively stagnant economy is intensifying. While revenue growth is still of the utmost importance to organizations, executives are looking for new ways to contain costs. One operating cost that has risen dramatically is energy, particularly electricity.
Electricity rates in some deregulated markets have gone up as much as 50 percent once rate caps were lifted. The price rise has an immediate impact on operating budgets. If the CFO is uninformed about the ugly realities of electricity prices, the operating budget is in peril.
The cost of electricity, natural gas, diesel, gasoline and other energy sources has been increasing steadily in recent years. Nationally, increases in utility costs have been in the hundreds of billions of dollars. Regionally, increases have varied widely as a result of local market conditions.
A variety of factors are driving the increases. Demand for electricity is outpacing supply. The promise of lower rates because of deregulated markets has faded. Electric utilities are raising prices for generation, transmission and distribution in both regulated and deregulated markets. Finally, most public utility commissions are doing little or nothing to control the price increases.
For facility executives, now is the time to gain influence with the CFO. Understanding how energy prices affect an organization’s profitability can allow facility executives to propose cost-reduction solutions that CFOs will consider.
But remember the audience. Any energy improvement project proposal should be communicated in language CFOs understand. Expressing the savings, benefits and financial value of a project can help to get projects approved only if the terms used to express those criteria are understandable.
Avoid expressing savings that a project might deliver solely in terms of kilowatts, kilowatt-hours, BTUs or energy efficiency percentages. Likewise, casting a project’s benefits in technical terms, such as “improved lumens” for a lighting project, will likely be met with disdain. And when expressing financial value, facility executives would be wise to present more than just a project’s simple payback or a cash flow analysis prepared by a party with a vested interest, such as a manufacturer.
Facility executives should focus on the economic justification of the energy management project. Facility executives should follow the same analysis as any other investment considered by the organization if they want to earn the CFO’s attention and support. That means using capital analysis tools to evaluate all proposed energy management projects.
CFOs use many tools to analyze financial performance of investments. Among the most meaningful are return on investment, net present value and asset appreciation evaluations. At minimum, facility executives should have a firm understanding of these three metrics so that they can be included as part of a project’s economic justification.
To account for inflation — the value of money over time — facility executives should perform a net present value analysis. The net present value analysis is one of the most powerful tools CFOs use to analyze investments because it accounts for inflation, the value of future savings and the cost of the initial investment. In other words, net present value measures the profitability of an investment by incorporating both inflation and ROI in its result.
Net present value results are easy to understand in that if the result is positive, the investment will improve cash flow. If negative, the investment reduces cash flow. That allows each prospective investment, including the energy improvement project competing for the same capital dollars as other projects within the organization, to be measured based on the returns it will produce.
A key to calculating net present value is applying what’s known as a discount rate. The discount rate is a value included in the calculation to account for the interest an organization could earn by placing the money in an investment other than the one being considered. The CFO will compare the value of investing in an energy project vs. putting the money in some other investment with a known rate of return, such as 10 percent. The rate reduces the value of future cash flows, such as savings to be generated from an energy savings project, to reflect the value of having the investment presently.
The discount rate works on the economic principle that having $1 today is worth more than having $1 tomorrow because of the time value of money. For example, if a friend was offering to pay $1,000 one year from now or $950 today, assuming the discount rate is 10 percent, it would be best to take the $950. Applying a discount rate of 10 percent shows that $1,000 a year from now is worth $910 today. Accepting the friend’s offer of taking $950 today affords a $40 premium.
Applying the net present value calculation to a $50,000 energy upgrade investment that saves $12,500 per year shows the net present value is roughly $4,400, assuming the project will be in place for six years. That means the cash generated from the $12,500 in savings generated by the project for each of the six years will total $54,400. Compared to the $50,000 initial investment, the upgrade project looks worthy.
An essential fact involving net present value is that savings in the early years of a project are worth more than an equal amount of savings in later years. Keep in mind, too, that the higher an organization’s discount rate, the more savings a project will have to generate to be considered worthy of funding on financial terms alone.
Each organization uses its own discount rate, so it’s best to check with the CFO to know what rate to use.
Although CFOs are likely to run their own net present value calculations, facility executives who take the time to learn the factors that influence financial decision-makers within an organization are more likely to be heard than those that don’t expend such effort. Additionally, understanding ROI and net present value indicates to CFOs that a facility executive has the organization’s best interest in mind.
To that end, facility executives should find out what they can about an organization’s intent with a given facility before walking into the CFO’s office. If, for example, the organization intends on selling a building within a couple years, there is little point in focusing on an analysis that looks at the next decade. Instead, facility executives should look at how an energy improvement project might boost the selling price of a property.
Many organizations value real estate based on a multiple of an organization’s net operating income. Although the multiplier will vary — again, check with the CFO for the right number to use — the number can be used to show how operational savings from an energy project can help a building appreciate. If the organization’s multiplier is 10, for example, an energy management project that generates $300,000 a year in operational savings also increases the value of the property by $3 million. The increase in value can be more valuable in selling a project to a CFO who is interested in maximizing the value of a building that will be sold in a couple years.
Performing an adequate financial analysis should be the heart of any energy project proposal to a CFO. In addition to running the hard numbers, however, facility executives shouldn’t forget to include other items in the presentation that could also contribute to a project’s worthiness. Some considerations include line items that show realistic expectations for labor, maintenance and repair savings produced by an energy upgrade. An expanded version of the analysis might include other company benefits with proper documentation and explanations of all assumptions for the cash value of productivity improvement, product quality improvement and customer satisfaction.
Keep in mind the big picture is an analysis of the life-cycle cost of doing nothing versus the life-cycle cost of the proposed energy project. Assuming hard numbers show that an energy project is worth pursuing on financial terms, facility executives should take the next step and offer methods of financing the upgrade.
Exposing the project to a rigorous analysis that shows it will pay for itself over time and improve cash flow is a big first step. However, the analysis does nothing to provide the actual funds required to make the purchase. Facility executives should investigate what sort of funding is available through their state energy offices, utility rebates and demand-side management programs.
Many states have low interest loans as a companion to the demand-side management programs. The availability of 1.5 to 3 percent funds may prove enticing to the CFO.
Participating in demand-response, also known as load-curtailment, programs may also provide some funds. If it makes business sense, organizations can agree to reduce energy consumption during peak load times. Utilities pay organizations to participate in such programs because it costs more to produce energy during those high-demand hours than it does to pay customers to forgo energy use during those hours.
Senior executives’ time is at a premium, so an energy management project’s economic analysis must be done professionally. Use the economic benchmarking tools common to executive suites and have a two-page executive summary. Take time to understand the company’s balance sheet, income statement and the multiyear financial trends as well.
Now is the time to revisit prior energy audit recommendations or hire a certified energy manager (CEM) to conduct an energy audit. A CEM will independently review a facility’s energy costs, usage patterns, tariffs and mechanical/electrical equipment to develop the most cost-effective energy conservation measures.
About four out of five cost-effective energy projects could be approved if the assumptions are conservative, the economic analysis is clear, there is public or utility money to help fund it and the proposed project is viewed in economic and not engineering terms.
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Calculating ROIReturn on investment (ROI) is a measure of the savings a project delivers for each year it is in place. It is more meaningful than simple payback because it takes into account the savings a project will generate even after the initial investment has been recouped. ROI is expressed in a percentage and is calculated by dividing the simple payback period of a project into 100 percent. For example, a project with a simple payback period of one year has an ROI of 100 percent. A project with a two-year payback has an ROI of 50 percent. A five-year simple payback yields an ROI of 20 percent. Consider an energy project that costs $50,000 and is calculated to have a simple payback period of four years. The ROI would be 25 percent. The project would recoup $12,500 in each of the first four years, meaning that, at the end of the fourth year, the project would have recovered its initial investment. Money saved in the fifth, sixth and every subsequent year the improvement is in place would save the organization an additional $12,500, or 25 percent of the original project cost. The downside of using ROI to measure a project’s long-term value is that it fails to consider the value of money over time and other variables that affect a project’s performance. If electricity rates rise above those used to initially establish the simple payback, the ROI figure will be understated. Likewise, the number will be inaccurate if an organization’s energy use pattern changes significantly. In preparing analyses, it is best to use conservative or hard numbers for projected energy savings and the correct incremental value for the energy that will be saved. — Richard Lubinski |
Richard G. Lubinski is an independent energy consultant with 26 years of experience in 34 states and other countries. He speaks on a variety of energy management topics at national conferences. His firm has energy consulting contracts with the federal and state governments, in addition to commercial and industrial clients.
